Illustration of the Sprague Dawley rats (SD rats), a well-established in vitro preclinical model used in biomedical research. The SD rat model helps researchers study how drugs, chemicals, and other test compounds behave in a living system. They are used in areas such as pharmacology, toxicology, safety testing, and disease research. Because the Sprague Dawley rat model is well established, SD rats for research can provide useful data during early-stage studies and help researchers plan further experiments.
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Human primary hepatocytes are liver cells isolated from human tissue that retain key metabolic functions. They provide a human-relevant model for drug metabolism, ADME, toxicity, and liver disease studies, supporting more predictive translational research.

Human Liver Microsomes: Structure & Function
Illustration of Human liver microsomes as small membrane-bound vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver cells during cell fractionation. They retain several important enzymes involved in drug metabolism, particularly cytochrome P450 enzymes, along with other membrane-associated proteins. This makes them useful for studying how compounds are metabolized in the liver. The figure illustrates where microsomes originate within the hepatocyte, their basic structure, and how their enzyme systems contribute to the metabolism of drugs and other compounds.
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Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Structure, Function & Research
Cells lining the intestine form the key interface for absorption, barrier protection & immune signalling. Key types: enterocytes (nutrient/drug uptake), goblet (mucus), Paneth (defence), enteroendocrine (hormones) & stem cells (renewal). Vital for drug discovery, toxicity, gut research & disease modelling.